UNIT-1
Performance characteristics of instruments, Static characteristics: Accuracy, Resolution, Precision, Expected value, Error, Sensitivity. Dynamic Characteristics; speed of response, Fidelity, Lag and Dynamic error, Types of errors in measurements and their analysis, Design of multi-range AC, DC meters (voltmeter &ammeter) and ohmmeter(series &shunt type) using D’arsonval movement. True rms meter.
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UNIT-2
Specifications and designing aspects of Signal Generators – AF sine and square wave signal generators, Function Generators, Random noise generators, Arbitrary waveform generators.WaveAnalyzers,HarmonicDistortionAnalyzers,SpectrumAnalyzers,DigitalFourier Analyzers
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UNIT-3
Oscilloscopes – general purpose CROs, block diagram, functions and implementation of various blocks, specifications, various controls and their functions , types of probes used in CROs, Measurement of frequency and phase difference using Lissajous patterns Special purpose CROs; sampling oscilloscope, analog storage oscilloscope, digital storage oscilloscope
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UNIT-4
Bridge circuits – Wheat stone bridge, measurement of very low resistance, Measurement of inductance- Maxwell’s bridge, Anderson bridge. Measurement of capacitance-Schearing Bridge, Wien Bridge, Errors and precautions in using bridges Q-meter, principle of operation, measurement methods and sources of errors
Counters : principle of operation -modes of operation- totalizing mode, frequency mode and time period mode-sources of errors.
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UNIT-5
Transducers – active & passive transducers: Resistance, Capacitance, inductance, Strain gauges, LVDT, Piezo Electric transducers. Measurement of physical parameters temperature, force, pressure, velocity, acceleration and displacement